• Properties
• History
• Uses and Sources
• Reactions and Hazards
• Extra Information
• Glossary
• Bibliography

Properties:

The phosphorus contains chemical and physical properties. There are only four colors phosphorus can be: white (or yellow), red, black (or violet). The phosphorus is mainly a waxy whit solid, when it is pure it is colorless and transparent. It has to be contained in water because it reacts to air and will ignite.

Atomic Number	15
Atomic weight	30.97376
Atomic Symbol	P
Electrons	15
Protons	15
Neutrons	16
Density	1.82 g/cm3
Atomic Volume	17.0 cm3/mol
Melting Point	317.3 K
Heat of Fusion	.657 KJ/mol
Boiling Point	553K, 280°C, 536°F
Heat of Vaporization	12.129 KJ/mol
Hardness	0.5 mohs
Color	white-yellow, red, black-violet

History:

phosphorus was discovered by a German scientist, Hennig Brand, in 1669 when he was preparing it from urine. He named it after the ancient mane for the planet Venus when appearing before sunrise. phosphorus is Greek for light bearing.

Uses and Sources:

Phosphorus is used for agriculture and farm productions, fertilizers. Calcium phosphate and one-ash are used to create fine chinaware and is also used in baking powder. phosphorus is also important in the production of steels, phosphor bronze and many other products. Trisodium phosphate is important as a cleaning agent, as a water softener, and for preventing boiler scale and corrosion of pipes and boiler tubes. Phosphorus is also a big ingredient of a cell protoplasm, nervous tissue and bones. Phosphorus is never found free in nature, because is is widely distributed in combination with other minerals. Phosphate rock contains: mineral apatite, which is an impure tri-clacium phosphate. Large deposits are found in Russia, Morocco, Florida, Tennessee, Utah, and Idaho.

Reactions and Hazards:

Some phosphates react to air in a vigorous way and may ignite. It is very poisonous. White phosphorus should be kept under water, because it is dangerously reactive to air, and should be handled with forceps. Contact with skin may cause severe burns.

air	vigorous- ignites
6M NaOH	none
6M NCI	mild- may ignite
15M HNO3	mild

Extra Information:

White phosphorus can be made in several different methods. Only by one process, tri-calcium phosphate, the essential ingredient of phosphate rock, is heated in the presence of carbon and silica in an electric furnace of fuel-fired furnace. White phosphate apatite reacts at high temperatures to produce phosphorus. It is a soft, waxy solid, it gives out a green glow that can be seen in the dark. It is often used in bombs, napalm bombs and rat poison.

Atomic Radius	1.23 Å
Covalent	1.06 Å
Cross Section	0.19 barns
Ionic Radius	0.38 Å
Filling Orbital	3p3

Mole (mol): is the basic unit of measurement in chemistry. By definition, in modern chemistry, one mole represents the number of carbon atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon 12 (C12)
Ångstrom (Å): One ten-billionth of a meter or 1/10 of a nanometer.
Barns: A measurement of area equal to E -24 cm2.
Kelvin (absolute temperature): the temperature scale used in chemistry, physics and some engineering calculations.
Cross section: The effective size of a nucleus in capturing a thermal neutron.
Ionic radius: The radius exhibited by al ion tin an ionic crystal where the ions are attached to together to a point where
their outer electronic orbital are in contact with each other.
Electrochemical equivalents: An element's mass displaced by a unit quantity of electricity passage.
Electronegaticity: a measure of the ability of an atom in a molecule to draw bonding electrons to itself.